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Investigating bull kelp decline in Saturna Island Interim Sanctuary Zone Kelp is an ecologically, economically, and culturally important species that is facing global declines. This pilot project investigated if declines in Bull Kelp in the Saturna Island Interim Sanctuary Zone could be attributed to increased herbivory by sea urchins, and/or thermal stress caused by increased ocean temperatures. In areas where sea urchins were excluded, bull kelp was more abundant and in areas where sea urchins were not excluded, heavy grazing was observed. Throughout the summer 2023 study period, sea surface temperature did not exceed bull kelp's adult or gametophyte thermal tolerance. Restoration of this site should include methods to reduce sea urchin herbivory, while carefully considering cultural and ecological implications. 2024-05-19 English Fairfield Checko, Rachel Joy, Ruth Joy, Ruth Ransome, Douglas British Columbia Institute of Technology School of Construction and the Environment 2492 PDF British Columbia Institute of Technology Text This license enables reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND includes the following elements: BY: credit must be given to the creator. NC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted. ND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Restoration ecology Kelp bed ecology